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Aero Peptides supplies research-grade peptides for in-vitro and laboratory use only. Not for human or veterinary consumption.
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Cellular Health & Longevity
SS-31 (elamipretide, MTP-131) is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide from the Szeto-Schiller family, sequence D-Arg-2',6'-dimethyltyrosine-Lys-Phe-NH2. Its two positive charges and the unusual dimethyltyrosine residue let it concentrate several thousand-fold in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it binds the phospholipid cardiolipin. In preclinical models this cardiolipin interaction is reported to stabilise the inner-membrane cristae, improve electron-transport-chain efficiency and ATP output, and reduce mitochondrial reactive-oxygen-species production — without acting as a general free-radical scavenger. The compound was advanced clinically by Stealth BioTherapeutics (as Bendavia in cardiac-ischaemia work and elamipretide in mitochondrial-disease programmes, including the MMPOWER primary-mitochondrial-myopathy trials), and elamipretide received its first regulatory approval for Barth syndrome in 2025. For laboratory and research use only.
Dosage
10MG$64.99
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Research focus
Summary of contexts in which this compound appears in the preclinical literature. See cited studies for primary sources.
SS-31 (elamipretide, MTP-131) is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide from the Szeto-Schiller family, sequence D-Arg-2',6'-dimethyltyrosine-Lys-Phe-NH2. Its two positive charges and the unusual dimethyltyrosine residue let it concentrate several thousand-fold in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it binds the phospholipid cardiolipin. In preclinical models this cardiolipin interaction is reported to stabilise the inner-membrane cristae, improve electron-transport-chain efficiency and ATP output, and reduce mitochondrial reactive-oxygen-species production — without acting as a general free-radical scavenger. The compound was advanced clinically by Stealth BioTherapeutics (as Bendavia in cardiac-ischaemia work and elamipretide in mitochondrial-disease programmes, including the MMPOWER primary-mitochondrial-myopathy trials), and elamipretide received its first regulatory approval for Barth syndrome in 2025. For laboratory and research use only.
Areas of research interest
Technical specifications
Compound Information
Mitochondria-targeted Szeto-Schiller tetrapeptide (cardiolipin-binding)
Storage & Stability
Lyophilized (powder)
-20°C • long-term stable in sealed lyophilized form
Reconstituted
2-8°C • use within 30 days of reconstitution
Light
Protect from light during storage and reconstitution
Room temperature
Short-term tolerant during shipping; minimise extended exposure above 25°C
Compound-specific notes
Supplied lyophilised; stable for extended periods at −20 °C protected from light. Reconstituted solution is best used within ~30 days at 2–8 °C, kept out of light and not refrozen. As with other small peptides, aliquoting before freezing and using low-binding polypropylene minimises freeze-thaw and surface-adsorption losses.
Dosing in the literature
Observational summary of values reported in published research. Not a guide for human or animal use.
Reconstitution
SS-31 is supplied as a 10 mg lyophilised vial. Reconstitution practice in research typically uses bacteriostatic water to yield a defined mg/mL stock, with further dilution into the assay buffer or culture medium per protocol. As a small, charged peptide it is conventionally kept in low-binding polypropylene to limit surface adsorption.
Published protocols
Clinical elamipretide studies provide the most-cited human dosing reference: the MMPOWER programme in primary mitochondrial myopathy administered elamipretide 40 mg/day by subcutaneous injection (Karaa et al., Neurology 2023). Preclinical cell-culture and rodent studies of SS-31 span a wide nanomolar-to-micromolar range depending on the endpoint (cardiolipin binding, bioenergetic, or ischaemia-reperfusion models). No standardised research-protocol dose exists outside these study designs.
Half-life
Reported plasma pharmacokinetics for subcutaneous elamipretide show a relatively short circulating half-life (on the order of a few hours) alongside pronounced, prolonged accumulation in mitochondria-rich tissue — the compound's several-thousand-fold concentration at the inner mitochondrial membrane means tissue residence outlasts plasma levels. Exact figures vary by species and model.
Post-reconstitution stability
As a short lyophilised peptide, reconstituted material is conventionally used within ~30 days at 2–8 °C protected from light and stored in low-binding polypropylene. Repeated freeze-thaw is avoided by aliquoting before freezing.
Mechanism and dosing context are drawn from the cited SS-31 / elamipretide literature: Birk et al. (J Am Soc Nephrol 2013, PMID 23813215), Szeto & Liu (Arch Biochem Biophys 2018, PMID 30359579), Mitchell et al. (J Biol Chem 2020, PMID 32273339), Chavez et al. (PNAS 2020, PMID 32554501), and the MMPOWER-3 trial (Karaa et al., Neurology 2023, PMID 37268435). Verify all figures against the primary sources before citing in any publication.
Sources & references
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
The mitochondrial-targeted compound SS-31 re-energizes ischemic mitochondria by interacting with cardiolipin
Birk AV, Liu S, Soong Y, Mills W, Singh P, Warren JD, et al.
2013 · DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2012121216 · PMID: 23813215
Read on PubMed ↗Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
Cardiolipin-targeted peptides rejuvenate mitochondrial function, remodel mitochondria, and promote tissue regeneration during aging
Szeto HH, Liu S
2018 · DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.10.013 · PMID: 30359579
Read on PubMed ↗Journal of Biological Chemistry
The mitochondria-targeted peptide SS-31 binds lipid bilayers and modulates surface electrostatics as a key component of its mechanism of action
Mitchell W, Ng EA, Tamucci JD, Boyd KJ, Sathappa M, Coscia A, et al.
2020 · DOI: 10.1074/jbc.RA119.012094 · PMID: 32273339
Read on PubMed ↗Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Mitochondrial protein interaction landscape of SS-31
Chavez JD, Tang X, Campbell MD, Reyes G, Kramer PA, Stuppard R, et al.
2020 · DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002250117 · PMID: 32554501
Read on PubMed ↗Neurology
Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Individuals With Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy: The MMPOWER-3 Randomized Clinical Trial
Karaa A, Bertini E, Carelli V, Cohen BH, Enns GM, Falk MJ, et al.
2023 · DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000207402 · PMID: 37268435
Read on PubMed ↗International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Elamipretide: A Review of Its Structure, Mechanism of Action, and Therapeutic Potential
Tung C, Varzideh F, Farroni E, Mone P, Kansakar U, Jankauskas SS, et al.
2025 · DOI: 10.3390/ijms26030944 · PMID: 39940712
Read on PubMed ↗6 peer-reviewed references listed. Citations verified against NCBI PubMed records. For research and educational reference only — does not constitute medical advice.
Researcher FAQ
No. Aero Peptides materials are sold exclusively for in-vitro research and laboratory analytical use. They are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease, and are not approved for human or animal administration.
By placing an order, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher and that the material will be used in accordance with all applicable institutional and jurisdictional regulations.
Each lot is independently tested for identity, purity, and mass using HPLC and mass spectrometry. The COA lists the lot number, test date, assay results, and the laboratory that performed the analysis.
Public COA documents are being prepared. In the meantime, you can request a COA for your specific lot and we’ll email it within 1 business day.
Orders ship quickly after your order is placed, from the US. Lyophilized peptides are shipped with insulation appropriate to season; short-term ambient excursions during transit do not measurably affect potency.
On receipt, store at −20°C in the sealed vial until reconstitution. See the handling matrix for full storage parameters. Tracked shipping is included; we ship to all US states and most international destinations.
Most peptides are reconstituted with bacteriostatic water (BAC). The volume depends on the target working concentration. Use our Peptide Calculator to compute volume, U-100 insulin syringe units, and doses per vial from peptide mass and target dose.
Once reconstituted, store at 2–8°C and use within 30 days. Protect the vial from light during storage and handling.
Because peptides are temperature-sensitive research materials, we cannot accept returns of opened or unsealed vials. If a shipment arrives damaged or the seal is broken on arrival, contact us within 7 days and we’ll replace or refund.
See our full returns policy for details.
Don’t see your question? Contact our research team — we typically reply within one business day.
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⚠ Important research notice
Not for human consumption. This product is sold exclusively for research and educational purposes. It is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
All clinical trial data and research findings presented on this page are sourced from peer-reviewed journals and official publications. They are provided for educational reference only and should not be interpreted as medical advice or product claims.
By purchasing this product, you confirm that you are a qualified researcher and will use it in accordance with all applicable laws and regulations.
